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Hello Ethereum

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问：写一个以太坊智能合约helloworld总共分几步？
答：三步，第一步创建以太坊服务环境；第二步撰写、编译、部署helloworld智能合约；第三步运行智能合约

部署Ethereum环境

本人使用docker搭建Ethereum环境，拉取ubuntu:20.04镜像。

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docker pull --platform linux/amd64 ubuntu:20.04

然后，创建容器并开始安装Ethereum

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docker run -it --name eth_server --net host ubuntu:20.04 /bin/bash
docker run -it --net bridge -p 8545:8545 -p 8551:8551 --name eth_server ubuntu:20.04 /bin/bash

安装Ethereum

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# apt update -y
...
# apt install -y software-properties-common
...
# add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
...
# apt update -y
...
# apt install -y ethereum

安装成功后，确认一下eth版本。

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# geth version
Geth
Version: 1.10.26-stable
Git Commit: e5eb32acee19cc9fca6a03b10283b7484246b15a
Architecture: amd64
Go Version: go1.18.5
Operating System: linux
GOPATH=
GOROOT=go

初始化

创建配置文件

创建一个genesis.json的文件，填充如下内容。

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{
    "Config": {
        "chainId": 110,
        "homesteadBlock": 0,
        "byzantiumBlock": 0,
        "constantinopleBlock": 0,
        "eip150Block": 0,
        "eip155Block": 0,
        "eip158Block": 0
    },
    "difficulty": "0",
    "gasLimit": "2100000",
    "alloc": {}
}

初始化Ethereum数据

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# geth --datadir ./eth-data --allow-insecure-unlock --http --http.addr 172.17.0.2 --http.api "admin,debug,web3,eth,txpool,personal,ethash,miner,net" --http.corsdomain "*" --dev init genesis.json
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.139] Maximum peer count                       ETH=50 LES=0 total=50
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.151] Smartcard socket not found, disabling    err="stat /run/pcscd/pcscd.comm: no such file or directory"
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.179] Set global gas cap                       cap=50,000,000
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.190] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/root/eth-data/geth/chaindata cache=16.00MiB handles=16
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.224] Opened ancient database                  database=/root/eth-data/geth/chaindata/ancient/chain readonly=false
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.226] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.230] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=0 size=0.00B time="347µs" gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.238] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=chaindata                     hash=a697c6..9bf39b
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.238] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/root/eth-data/geth/lightchaindata cache=16.00MiB handles=16
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.259] Opened ancient database                  database=/root/eth-data/geth/lightchaindata/ancient/chain readonly=false
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.259] Writing custom genesis block
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.261] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=0 size=0.00B time="21.917µs" gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [11-07|16:04:14.262] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=lightchaindata                     hash=a697c6..9bf39b

启动节点

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# geth --datadir ./eth-data --networkid 110 --allow-insecure-unlock --http --http.addr 172.17.0.2 --http.api "admin,debug,web3,eth,txpool,personal,ethash,miner,net" --http.corsdomain "*" --dev
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.231] Starting Geth in ephemeral dev mode...
WARN [11-07|16:14:23.234] You are running Geth in --dev mode. Please note the following:

  1. This mode is only intended for fast, iterative development without assumptions on
     security or persistence.
  2. The database is created in memory unless specified otherwise. Therefore, shutting down
     your computer or losing power will wipe your entire block data and chain state for
     your dev environment.
  3. A random, pre-allocated developer account will be available and unlocked as
     eth.coinbase, which can be used for testing. The random dev account is temporary,
     stored on a ramdisk, and will be lost if your machine is restarted.
  4. Mining is enabled by default. However, the client will only seal blocks if transactions
     are pending in the mempool. The miner's minimum accepted gas price is 1.
  5. Networking is disabled; there is no listen-address, the maximum number of peers is set
     to 0, and discovery is disabled.
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.251] Maximum peer count                       ETH=50 LES=0 total=50
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.261] Smartcard socket not found, disabling    err="stat /run/pcscd/pcscd.comm: no such file or directory"
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.291] Set global gas cap                       cap=50,000,000
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.649] Using developer account                  address=0xA9CB6DB62D6673ae5CD79D0d29796Dd9DF1d1A5e
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.652] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/root/eth-data/geth/chaindata cache=512.00MiB handles=524,288 readonly=true
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.675] Opened ancient database                  database=/root/eth-data/geth/chaindata/ancient/chain readonly=true
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.691] Allocated trie memory caches             clean=154.00MiB dirty=256.00MiB
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.691] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/root/eth-data/geth/chaindata cache=512.00MiB handles=524,288
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.756] Opened ancient database                  database=/root/eth-data/geth/chaindata/ancient/chain readonly=false
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.763]
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.764] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.764] Chain ID:  110 (unknown)
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.764] Consensus: unknown
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.764]
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.765] Pre-Merge hard forks:
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.765]  - Homestead:                   0        (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/homestead.md)
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.765]  - Tangerine Whistle (EIP 150): 0        (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/tangerine-whistle.md)
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.765]  - Spurious Dragon/1 (EIP 155): 0        (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/spurious-dragon.md)
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.765]  - Spurious Dragon/2 (EIP 158): 0        (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/spurious-dragon.md)
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.765]  - Byzantium:                   <nil> (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/byzantium.md)
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.765]  - Constantinople:              <nil> (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/constantinople.md)
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.765]  - Petersburg:                  <nil> (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/petersburg.md)
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.766]  - Istanbul:                    <nil> (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/istanbul.md)
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.766]  - Berlin:                      <nil> (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/berlin.md)
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.766]  - London:                      <nil> (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/london.md)
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.766]
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.766] The Merge is not yet available for this network!
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.766]  - Hard-fork specification: https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/paris.md
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.766] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.766]
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.768] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches   dir=/root/eth-data/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.768] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs     dir=/root/.ethash              count=2
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.769] Initialising Ethereum protocol           network=1337 dbversion=8
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.779] Loaded most recent local header          number=0 hash=a697c6..9bf39b td=0 age=53y7mo1w
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.780] Loaded most recent local full block      number=0 hash=a697c6..9bf39b td=0 age=53y7mo1w
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.780] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=0 hash=a697c6..9bf39b td=0 age=53y7mo1w
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.786] Loaded local transaction journal         transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.786] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.791] Gasprice oracle is ignoring threshold set threshold=2
WARN [11-07|16:14:23.798] Engine API enabled                       protocol=eth
WARN [11-07|16:14:23.798] Engine API started but chain not configured for merge yet
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.802] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/v1.10.26-stable-e5eb32ac/linux-amd64/go1.18.5
WARN [11-07|16:14:23.802] P2P server will be useless, neither dialing nor listening
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.843] New local node record                    seq=1,667,808,816,313 id=321fce2047223769 ip=127.0.0.1 udp=0 tcp=0
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.844] Started P2P networking                   self=enode://2d0246c1dd51623d6d8a8581095c033542366037b1e20ff815ad045af396de50df60f4aa9556148c2f4a89673bad5cab5c2ab22f3075d5bacba1b2fbebaf72e5@127.0.0.1:0
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.848] IPC endpoint opened                      url=/root/eth-data/geth.ipc
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.852] Loaded JWT secret file                   path=/root/eth-data/geth/jwtsecret crc32=0xef39c4cb
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.856] HTTP server started                      endpoint=172.17.0.2:8545 auth=false prefix= cors= vhosts=localhost
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.862] WebSocket enabled                        url=ws://127.0.0.1:8551
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.862] HTTP server started                      endpoint=127.0.0.1:8551    auth=true  prefix= cors=localhost vhosts=localhost
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.868] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=0
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.868] Updated mining threads                   threads=0
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.868] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=1
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.868] Etherbase automatically configured       address=0xA9CB6DB62D6673ae5CD79D0d29796Dd9DF1d1A5e
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.875] Commit new sealing work                  number=1 sealhash=6ca53b..19dc17 uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=6.285ms
INFO [11-07|16:14:23.877] Commit new sealing work                  number=1 sealhash=6ca53b..19dc17 uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=8.056ms

networkid

--networkid参数需要与genesis.json配置文件中的chainId值一致。

http.api

若--http.api设置错误会出现如下错误

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ERROR[11-07|16:13:36.346] Unavailable modules in HTTP API list     unavailable=[db] available="[admin debug web3 eth txpool personal ethash miner net]"

需要按照available中规定的内容进行配置--http.api参数。

attach交互

接下来需要attach到以太坊节点，在geth节点启动过程中有这样一条日志

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INFO [11-07|16:14:23.848] IPC endpoint opened                      url=/root/eth-data/geth.ipc

没错，你猜对了，就是要用这个endpoint进行attach

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# geth attach ipc:/root/eth-data/geth.ipc
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.10.26-stable-e5eb32ac/linux-amd64/go1.18.5
coinbase: 0xa9cb6db62d6673ae5cd79d0d29796dd9df1d1a5e
at block: 0 (Thu Jan 01 1970 08:00:00 GMT+0800 (CST))
 datadir: /root/eth-data
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 engine:1.0 eth:1.0 ethash:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

To exit, press ctrl-d or type exit
>

接下来的创建用户、挖矿等操作都需要在attach状态下进行。

创建用户

使用personal.newAccout创建用户，然后可以使用eth.accounts查看用户列表。

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> eth.accounts
> ["0xa9cb6db62d6673ae5cd79d0d29796dd9df1d1a5e"]
> personal.newAccount()
> Passphrase:
> Repeat passphrase:
> "0x00e70f2bd5a644cdf4432f886bf25473cbe620ac"
> eth.accounts
> ["0xa9cb6db62d6673ae5cd79d0d29796dd9df1d1a5e", "0x00e70f2bd5a644cdf4432f886bf25473cbe620ac"]

若不解锁用户，部署会提示错误creation of HelloWorld errored: authentication needed: password or unlock。解锁用户

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> personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[1])
> Unlock account 0x00e70f2bd5a644cdf4432f886bf25473cbe620ac
> Passphrase:
> true

挖矿

使用miner.start()开始挖矿；使用miner.stop()停止挖矿。

开始挖矿后，当出现如下日志信息时，说明挖到了。

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INFO [11-07|17:59:54.021] Successfully sealed new block            number=1 sealhash=84eaaa..f4d2c5 hash=925c9a..d8cb75 elapsed=1h30m51.894s
INFO [11-07|17:59:54.022] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=1 hash=925c9a..d8cb75
INFO [11-07|17:59:54.026] Commit new sealing work                  number=2 sealhash=865003..0e32da uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=1.991ms
INFO [11-07|17:59:54.027] Commit new sealing work                  number=2 sealhash=865003..0e32da uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=3.070ms
INFO [11-07|17:59:54.428] Generating DAG in progress               epoch=1 percentage=0  elapsed=3.563s
INFO [11-07|17:59:56.581] Successfully sealed new block            number=2 sealhash=865003..0e32da hash=f1224d..9dc4b8 elapsed=2.554s
INFO [11-07|17:59:56.582] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=2 hash=f1224d..9dc4b8
INFO [11-07|17:59:56.584] Commit new sealing work                  number=3 sealhash=8de6d6..c8886e uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed="906.417µs"
INFO [11-07|17:59:56.585] Commit new sealing work                  number=3 sealhash=8de6d6..c8886e uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=2.271ms
INFO [11-07|17:59:57.730] Successfully sealed new block            number=3 sealhash=8de6d6..c8886e hash=42a018..4e7ef3 elapsed=1.146s
INFO [11-07|17:59:57.731] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=3 hash=42a018..4e7ef3
INFO [11-07|17:59:57.733] Commit new sealing work                  number=4 sealhash=26af07..609e57 uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=1.165ms

此时使用eth.blockNumber可以查看到当前区块数量，使用eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])查看默认用户余额，同理使用eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1])查看我们创建的用户的余额。

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> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
> 25000000000000000000
> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1])
> 0

挖到的奖励都进了默认账户了，我们新建的账户里木有哦。来给我转账吧，嘿嘿嘿….

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> eth.sendTransaction({from:eth.accounts[0],to:eth.accounts[1],value:web3.toWei(10,'ether')})
> "0x244da771baf2bd65e5e040c33ee3047b57a2492b85d271564bc90ccd7cb4fa46"
> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1])
> 5000000000000000000
> > eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
> 1.535e+21

哇哦，又挖到矿了。

智能合约

环境搭建好了，现在开始编写智能合约。

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// compiler version must be greater than or equal to 0.8.13 and less than 0.9.0
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.13;
contract HelloWorld {
    function sayHelloWorld() public returns (string memory) {
        return "Hello World";
    }
}

Remix

在这里获Remix

编译

solidity_remix_compile

部署

点击部署，然后选择外部http provider，并配置我们搭建好的ethereum服务。

solidity_remix_deploy_setting_1.jpg

solidity_remix_deploy_setting_2.jpg

接下中，选择我们创建好的账户，然后进行部署。

solidity_remix_deploy.jpg

solidity_remix_deploy_log.jpg

执行智能合约

执行智能合约可以选择在Remix中执行，也可选择attach到eth_server控制台执行。

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> abi =[{"inputs":[],"name":"sayHelloWorld","outputs":[{"internalType":"string","name":"","type":"string"}],"stateMutability":"nonpayable","type":"function"}]
[{
    inputs: [],
    name: "sayHelloWorld",
    outputs: [{
        internalType: "string",
        name: "",
        type: "string"
    }],
    stateMutability: "nonpayable",
    type: "function"
}]
> hello=eth.contract(abi).at('0xCB1B01B40CD752F5d42f5b8dCeE4BE2A637CaAf2')
{
  abi: [{
      inputs: [],
      name: "sayHelloWorld",
      outputs: [{...}],
      stateMutability: "nonpayable",
      type: "function"
  }],
  address: "0xCB1B01B40CD752F5d42f5b8dCeE4BE2A637CaAf2",
  transactionHash: null,
  allEvents: function bound(),
  sayHelloWorld: function bound()
}
> hello.sayHelloWorld.call()
"Hello World"

参加&鸣谢